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    • 专利摘要:
    A method of operating a sedimentary basin containing hydrocarbons by means of a basin simulation. From representative mesh representations of a pool for each time step of a simulation, for each time step, and in each mesh of the meshed representation of said time step, at least a quantity of gas is determined. biogenic produced in said mesh audit no time; then at least a quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water present in said mesh is determined at said time step, and a quantity of free biogenic gas is deduced in said mesh at said time step; then at least the advective transport of the quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of said mesh at said time step is taken into account. Application particularly to the exploration and exploitation of oil deposits, for example.
    公开号:FR3034529A1
    申请号:FR1552919
    申请日:2015-04-03
    公开日:2016-10-07
    发明作者:Marie-Christine Cacas-Stentz；Mathieu Ducros；Virgile Rouchon；Sylvie Wolf
    申请人:IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] The present invention relates to the field of exploration and exploitation of oil deposits or geological gas storage sites. Oil exploration involves looking for hydrocarbon deposits within a sedimentary basin. The understanding of the principles of the genesis of hydrocarbons and their links with the geological history of the subsoil has led to the development of methods for evaluating the petroleum potential of a sedimentary basin. The general approach of the assessment of the petroleum potential of a sedimentary basin involves round-trips between - a prediction of the petroleum potential of the sedimentary basin, carried out on the basis of available information concerning the studied basin (outcrops, seismic campaigns, drilling by example). This prediction aims to: - better understand the architecture and geological history of the studied basin, in particular to study if processes of maturation and migration of hydrocarbons could be put in place; - to identify the subsoil areas in which these hydrocarbons may have accumulated; - to define which areas have the best economic potential, estimated from the volume and nature of the hydrocarbons probably trapped (viscosity, mixing rate with water, chemical composition, etc.), as well as their operating cost (controlled for example by depth and fluid pressure). - exploratory drilling in the different zones with the best potential, in order to confirm or invalidate the previously predicted potential, and to acquire new data to feed new, more accurate studies.
    [0002] The oil exploitation of a deposit consists, based on information gathered during the oil exploration phase, to select areas of the deposit with the best oil potential, to define optimal exploitation plans for these zones (for example using a reservoir simulation, to define the number and position of the exploitation wells allowing optimal hydrocarbon recovery), to drill wells and, in general, to set up production infrastructure necessary for the development of the deposit.
    [0003] 3034529 2 In some sedimentary basins, having a complicated geologic history, interacting with many physical processes, or where the volume of data is very important, the evaluation of the petroleum potential of a sedimentary basin requires the availability of computer tools. allowing the synthesis of available data, and computer tools allowing the simulation of the geological history and the multiple physical processes that control it. This is an approach called "basin modeling". The family of so-called basin modeling software can simulate in one, two or three dimensions, the sedimentary, tectonic, thermal, hydrodynamic and organic and inorganic chemistry processes that occur during the formation of a petroleum basin. Basin modeling conventionally comprises three stages: a stage of construction of a mesh representation of the studied basin, known as geo-modeling. This mesh representation is most often layered, that is, one group of meshes is assigned to each geological layer of the modeled basin. Then, each mesh of this mesh representation is filled by one or more petrophysical properties, such as porosity, facies (clay, sand, etc.) or their content of organic matter at the time of their sedimentation. The construction of this model is based on data acquired during seismic surveys, measurements in wells, cores, etc. 20 - a step of structural reconstruction of this mesh representation, representing previous states of the basin architecture. This step can be carried out using a so-called "backstripping" method (Steckler et al., 1978) or by a method called structural restoration (EP 2110686). a step of numerical simulation of a selection of physical phenomena taking place during the evolution of the basin and contributing to the formation of oil traps. This step, known as basin simulation, is based on a discretized representation of space and time. In particular, a basin simulation provides a predictive mapping of the subsoil, indicating the probable location of the deposits, as well as the content, nature and pressure of the hydrocarbons trapped therein.
    [0004] 3034529 3 By providing quantitative and reliable information, this integrated basin modeling approach increases the success rate when drilling an exploration well.
    [0005] BACKGROUND ART The following documents will be cited in the description: Carruthers, Transportation of secondary oil migration using gradient-driven invasion 10 percolation techniques. PhD thesis, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 1998. From Marsily G., Quantitative Hydrogeology, Academic Press, 1986. Duan and Mao, A thermodynamic model for calculating methane solubility, density and gas phase composition of methane-bearing aqueous fluids from 273 to 523 K and from 1 to 15 2000 bar, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta 70 (2006) 3369-3386. Langmuir I., The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. left. solids .; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38, 2221-95, 1916.
    [0006] R. Eymard, T. Gallouet, R. Herbin, The finite volume method, Handbook for Numerical Analysis, Ph. Ciarlet JL Lions eds, North Holland, 2000. I. Moretti, F. Lepage and M. Guiton, "KINE3D: A new 3D approach to geometry and geomechanics ", Oil & Gas Science and Technology - 25 Rev. IFP, Vol.61 (2006), No. 2, pp277-289. R. Scheichl, R. Masson, J. VVendebourg, Decoupling and Block Preconditioning for Sedimentary Basin Simulations, Computational Geosciences 7 (4), pp. 295-318, 2003.
    [0007] 3034529 4 Schneider and Wolf, Quantitative HO potential evaluation using 3D basin modeling: application to Franklin structure, Central Graben, North Sea, UK. Marine and Petroleum Geology 17 (2000) 841-856.
    [0008] Schneider F., Multi-phase modeling of the flow of petroleum at the sedimentary basin scale. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79 (2003) 693-696). F. Schneider, S. Wolf, I. Faille, D. Pot, A 3D Basin Model for Hydrocarbon Potential Evaluation: Application to Congo Offshore, Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP, 10 Vol. 55 (2000), No. 1, pp. 3-13. Steckler, M.S., and A.B. Watts, Subsidence of the Atlantic-type continental margin off New York, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 41, 1-13, 1978.
    [0009] Sylta, Modeling of secondary migration and entrapment of a multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture using equation of state and ray-tracing modeling techniques, Petroleum migration, Geological Society, Special Publication No. 59, pp. 1111-112, 1991. Among the physical phenomena taken In the course of the basin simulation step described above, the following are simulated: the formation of hydrocarbons, in particular from the organic material initially buried with the sediments; and the transport of these hydrocarbons, known as "migration", from the rocks in which they formed to those where they are trapped.
    [0010] Basin simulation methods according to the prior art make it possible to simulate three possible hydrocarbon formation processes: by chemical transformation of the organic matter under the effect of the high temperatures which prevail in the deep subsoil (VVO 2014 / 040622 A1); it is the production of thermogenic hydrocarbons; By direct action of certain microorganisms present deep in the sediments, which degrade the initial organic matter, in particular by producing methane; it is the primary biogenic production (VVO 2014/040622 Al); by the action of certain micro-organisms of the deep subsoil, which degrade certain hydrocarbons, in particular by producing methane: this is the secondary biogenic production (VVO 2003/031644 A3). The basin simulation methods according to the prior art make it possible to simulate the migration of the hydrocarbons produced, such as the primary and secondary biogenic gas, on the assumption that they move in the form of one or more phases. , separated from the aqueous phase, which is generally called "free gas". Several methods are available to model free gas migration: the ray tracing method (Sylta, 1991), the invasion-percolation method (Carruthers, 1998), and the resolution of generalized Darcy equations (Schneider, 2003).
    [0011] However, the simulation of the hydrocarbon migration step according to the prior art does not take into account a possible vector for transporting the biogenic gas, whether of primary or secondary origin: advective transport of part of the biogenic gas that can be dissolved in the water present in the basin.
    [0012] 20 Indeed, sedimentary basins consist of porous rocks whose porosity is initially filled with water: seawater if sediments are accumulated in the marine environment, and rainwater if the sediments occur. are accumulated in the continental environment. This is called "pore water" or "formation water". Moreover, during the evolution of the basin, this water can circulate in the porous network under the effect of a pressure field. The latter is controlled for example by the deposition of new sediments that tend to overload the rocky skeleton and expel the water from the rock, or by the emergence of a relief that will impose a hydraulic load and create an underground flow of highest areas to an outlet located lower.
    [0013] Depending on different parameters (pressure and temperature conditions, water salinity, etc.), biogenic gas may be potentially dissolved in this pore water, and this water circulating within the basin, the gas biogenic can potentially be transported by this water. For example, in the case of methane, its solubility in water is sufficient for advective transport by water to move economically attractive amounts of methane to oil fields. Indeed, approximately 1m3 of methane (reduced to ambient conditions) can be dissolved in 1m3 of water at 1000m depth. Thus, in a sedimentary layer 1km2 and 10m thick located at 1000m depth and having a porosity of 25%, can be dissolved up to 2.5 million m3 of methane (reduced to ambient conditions). It therefore appears that large quantities of biogenic gas can be dissolved in the pore water, and thus transported over geological time by this water, within a basin. Then, depending on the pressure and temperature conditions encountered during the geological time, this biogenic gas, dissolved and then transported by advection, can then be partly released in the form of a free gas, this free gas itself being able to object of a migration according to the prior art, and thus potentially give rise to economic accumulations in certain areas of a basin. Thus, failure to take into account in a basin simulation the transport of biogenic gas in a dissolved form via the formation water of a basin can lead to important errors in predicting the location of accumulations of water. hydrocarbons within a basin. It thus appears essential to be able to model this form of migration of the biogenic gas, in order to make the basin simulations more precise. The present invention relates to a method for simulating the migration of hydrocarbons including a step of modeling the production of biogenic gas, as well as a step for simulating the migration, by advection, of at least a portion of this gas dissolved in the water present in the basin, and the prediction of the amount of free gas resulting.
    [0014] The method according to the invention Thus, the present invention relates to a method of operating a sedimentary basin comprising hydrocarbons. By means of a basin simulator 5 making it possible to reconstruct, for a succession of time steps, the geological and geochemical processes that have affected said basin from a geological time t to the present time, from measurements of properties relating to the basin the method comprises the following steps: A. constructing a representative mesh representation of said pool at the current time from said measurements; B. from said meshed representation to said current time, a mesh representation of the pool is constructed for each of said other time steps by reconstruction of the architecture of said pool for said other time steps; C. by means of said simulator and said mesh representations of said basin for said time steps, at least the following steps are carried out for each of said time steps, from said geological time t until said current time, and for each cell of said mesh representation: i. at least a quantity of biogenic gas produced in said mesh is determined at said time step; Ii. at least a quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water present in said mesh is determined at said time step, and a quantity of free biogenic gas is determined in said mesh at said time step; iii. at least the advective transport of the quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of said mesh at said time step is taken into account; D. the zones of said basin corresponding to meshes of said meshed representation of said basin to said current time comprising hydrocarbons are selected, and said basin is operated according to said selected zones. Advantageously, a quantity of biogenic gas of primary origin and / or of secondary origin can be determined.
    [0015] According to one embodiment of the invention, it is possible to determine, for each of said time steps and in each of said meshes of said meshed representation obtained for said time step, said quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of the as follows: a) a quantity of total biogenic gas is calculated in said mesh for said time step, by summing said quantity of biogenic gas produced at said time step and the quantity of biogenic gas present in said mesh at the previous time step; ; b) determining a maximum amount of biogenic gas solubilizable in water in said mesh and at said time step; c) said quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in said mesh is determined for said time step by taking the minimum value between said quantity of total biogenic gas and said maximum quantity of solubilizable biogenic gas.
    [0016] According to one embodiment of the invention, it is possible to determine, for each of said time steps and in each of said meshes of said meshed representation obtained for said time step, said quantity of said free biogenic gas by difference between said total amount of biogenic gas present in said mesh audit time step and said amount of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of said mesh audit time step.
    [0017] According to one embodiment of the invention, it is also possible to determine a quantity of adsorbable biogenic gas in said mesh at said time step, and said quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in said mesh and for said time step is determined by considering that said biogenic gas is preferentially adsorbed and then dissolved.
    [0018] Furthermore, the invention relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer-readable and / or executable medium by a processor, including program code instructions for the implementation. of the method as described above, when said program is run on a computer.
    [0019] Other features and advantages of the method according to the invention will become apparent on reading the description hereafter of nonlimiting examples of embodiments, with reference to the appended figures and described hereinafter.
    [0020] 5 Brief presentation of the figures - Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the basement of a petroleum basin. - Figure 2 shows an example of a sedimentary basin (on the left) and an example of a mesh representation (on the right) of this basin. Figure 3 represents the structural reconstruction, represented by 3 deformation states on 3 different dates, of a sedimentary basin. Figure 4A represents an example of a sedimentary basin composed of 30 layers and 122880 meshes. FIG. 4B shows the cumulative mass of methane produced in each cell of a vertical section of the basin shown in FIG. 4A, since the birth of the pool at the present age, calculated by the process according to the invention and expressed in kg / m2 of layer. Figure 40 shows the cumulative mass of dissolved gas in each cell of the vertical section shown in Figure 4B, since the birth of the pool at the current age, calculated by the method according to the invention and expressed in kg / m2 of layer.
    [0021] FIG. 4D shows the cumulative mass of methane liberated as free gas in each cell of the vertical section shown in FIG. 4B, from the birth of the pool to the present age, calculated by the method according to the invention and expressed in kg / m2 of layer.
    [0022] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS The following definitions are used during the description of the invention: pond simulation: it is a sub-step of the basin modeling, the basin modeling being more general and also comprising a sub-step of constructing a mesh representation, and a structural reconstruction sub-step. The basin simulation allows to reconstitute the geological and geochemical history of a basin, from a geological time t to the present time. Classically in basin simulation, the period on which the history of a basin is reconstituted is discretized in "no time". 5 pond simulator: this is a software that allows you to perform a pool simulation digitally, using a computer. migration event: this is a grouping of several time steps of a basin simulation. An event may correspond to a particular sedimentary deposit, each surface delimiting this deposit possibly being, for example, an erosion surface or a sedimentary deposit of a different nature. biogenic gas: this is the gas produced by the action of microorganisms, on the organic matter (primary biogenic gas) or on the already formed hydrocarbons (secondary biogenic gas). Advection: In general, advection is the transport of a quantity (scalar or vectorial) by a vector field. In the present case, it is the transport of biogenic gas, after dissolution, by the flow velocity of the pore water. The invention relates to a method of operating a sedimentary basin, in particular the identification of the zones of said basin in which hydrocarbons have been able to accumulate and then the extraction of these hydrocarbons. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a sedimentary basin, comprising several geological layers (an example of geological layers is shown in a), delimited by sedimentary interfaces (an example of sedimentary interfaces is shown in b) traversed by a fault or rupture, and an accumulation of hydrocarbons (d) in one of the geological layers of the basin considered (c). The present architecture of a basin results in particular from a deformation of the subsoil during the geological time, comprising at least a compaction of the layers by the effect of the overload applied by the upper layers which have gradually deposited, and may also involve ruptures along fault planes resulting from tectonic forces. The nature of the hydrocarbons present in a sedimentary basin results notably from the pressure and temperature conditions to which the basin is subjected (more precisely to which the organic matter and the hydrocarbon compounds already formed) are subjected during the geological time. According to the prior art, at least some of the hydrocarbons thus formed will then migrate within said basin, for example by capillarity, buoyancy or pressure gradient difference between different areas of the basin. One of the objects of the present invention is to better predict the accumulation of gas of biological origin, referred to as biogenic gas, in the subsoil, for exploration and exploitation of fossil resources. In particular, the present invention aims to take into account, during a basin simulation, from a geological time t up to the current and at each time step of the simulation, the formation of the biogenic gas, the transport (Advection phenomenon) of at least a portion of this gas, after dissolution in the water present in the basin, and to deduce the amount of free biogenic gas (in particular undissolved) resulting. The present invention requires the provision of: measurements of properties relating to the pool: these are measurements carried out in situ (for example by coring, via well logs, by seismic acquisition campaigns, etc.), at different points of the studied basin, necessary for basin simulation, such as porosity, permeability, or lithology at present time; a basin simulator according to the prior art, making it possible to reconstruct the geological and geochemical processes having affected the basin from a geological time t to the present time. According to the invention, the period over which the history of this pool is reconstructed is discretized in no time. According to the invention, the basin simulator has a mesh representation of the basin for each time step of the simulation. At each time step and in each mesh of the mesh representation of the basin at the time step considered, the basin simulator required for the implementation of the invention allows at least to calculate the following physical quantities: the temperature, the pressure, the porosity and the density of the rock contained in the mesh in question, the water velocities, and the TOC (or concentration of the rock in organic matter). According to an embodiment of the present invention, the pond simulator used also makes it possible to calculate the quantity of hydrocarbons of thermogenic origin. The calculation of the water velocities is given for example in the document by (Marsily, 1986), and the calculation of the other physical quantities mentioned above is for example described in the document (Schneider et al., 2000).
    [0023] Thus, basin simulation consists of solving a system of differential equations describing the evolution over time of the physical quantities studied. To do this, one can for example use a discretization by the finite volume method, as described for example in (Scheichl et al., 2003). In accordance with the principle of finite volume methods centered on the meshes, the unknowns are discretized by a constant value per mesh and the conservation equations (mass or heat) are spatially integrated on each mesh and in time between two successive time steps. . The discrete equations then express that the quantity stored in a mesh at a given time step is equal to the quantity contained in the mesh at the previous time step, increased by the flows of quantities entered in the mesh and reduced by the flows of quantities released. the mesh by its faces, plus the external contributions. An example of such a pond simulator is the TemisFlown software (IFP Énergies nouvelles, France) The present invention comprises at least the following steps: 1. Construction of a mesh representation of the basin at the present time 2. Structural reconstruction 3. Basin Simulation During this step, for each time step of the simulation and for each mesh of the meshed representation, at least the following steps are performed: 3.1 Estimating the amount of hydrocarbons During this step, step, it is estimated, among others, the amount of biogenic gas produced in each mesh of said meshed representation 3.2 Simulation of the migration of hydrocarbons During this step, the following steps are carried out, inter alia: 1. Estimation of the quantity of dissolved biogenic gas During this step, the quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in water is calculated 3.2.2. In this step, the advective transport of biogenic gas dissolved in water is simulated. 4. Exploitation of the Sedimentary Basin The main steps of the present invention are detailed below. 10 1. Construction of a Mesh Representation of the Sedimentary Basin in the Present Time During this stage, it is necessary to construct a mesh representation of the basin studied in the present time. This model of the basin is generally represented on a computer, in the form of a mesh or grid, each mesh being characterized by one or more properties relating to the basin (such as the facies, the porosity, the permeability, the saturation, or the organic matter content at the time of sedimentation). The construction of this model is based on data acquired during seismic surveys, measurements in wells, cores, etc.
    [0024] 20 More precisely, the construction of a mesh representation of a basin consists in discretizing the architecture of the basin in three dimensions, in assigning properties to each of the meshes of this mesh representation, and in adding conditions to the limits of this representation. to account for the interaction of the modeled area with its environment. To do this, we use the property measurements made at different points of the basin described above, which are extrapolated and / or interpolated, into the different meshes of the mesh representation, according to more or less restrictive hypotheses. Most often the spatial discretization of a sedimentary basin is organized in 30 layers of mesh, each representing the different geological layers of the studied basin. Figure 2 on the left shows an example of a sedimentary basin, and on the right is an example of a mesh representation of this basin. 2. Structural Reconstruction 5 During this stage, it is a question of reconstituting the past architectures of the basin, from the present time until a geological time t, previous to the current one. To do this, the grid representation constructed in the previous step is deformed in order to represent the anti-chronological evolution of the architecture of the subsoil during the geological time, and this for each time step of the simulation. This gives a grid representation for each time step of the simulation, from the current time to the geological time t. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the structural reconstruction can be particularly simple if it is based on the assumption that its deformation results solely from a combination of vertical movements by compaction of the sediment or by raising or lowering of its base. . This technique, known as "backstripping" (or "progressive decompaction of the pelvis" in French) is described for example in (Steckler and Watts, 1978).
    [0025] According to another embodiment of the present invention, in the case of basins with complex tectonic history, particularly in the case of basins with faults, techniques with less restrictive assumptions, such as structural restoration. Such a structural restoration is described, for example, in FR 2 930 350 A (US 2009/0265152 A). Structural restoration consists of calculating the successive deformations that the basin has undergone, integrating the deformations due to compaction and those resulting from tectonic forces. In the example of Figure 3, three states are used to represent the deformation of the subsoil during geological time. The left grid representation represents the current state, where one can observe a slip interface (here a fault). The right grid representation represents the same sedimentary basin at a geological time t, prior to the current one. At this time, the sedimentary layers were not yet fractured. The central meshed representation is an intermediate state, i.e., it represents the sedimentary basin at a time t ', between time t and present. It is noted that the slide began to modify the architecture of the basin. 5 3. Basin Simulation During this step, a basin simulation is carried out to take into account, among other things, the formation of biogenic gas over time and the transport within the basin of at least a portion of this biogenic gas, in a dissolved form, by advection.
    [0026] According to the invention, a quantity of free gas, that is undissolved gas, is then deduced therefrom. According to the invention, a simulator according to the prior art is used for this purpose, making it possible to calculate at least the following quantities for each time step and in each of the 15 meshes of the mesh representation of the time step under consideration: the temperature, the pressure, the porosity and the density of the rock contained in the mesh considered, the water velocities, and the TOC (or concentration of the organic matter). According to one embodiment of the present invention, the pond simulator used makes it possible, in addition, to calculate the amount of hydrocarbons of thermogenic origin. The calculation of these quantities is described, for example, in (Schneider et al., 2000). Thus, the basin simulator used for the implementation of the present invention makes it possible to discretize and solve the equations (see, for example, Schneider et al., 2000) modeling the processes simulated by the basin simulation in the mesh representations resulting from the structural reconstruction step described above, to which a dynamic "backward" is applied. Thus, the mesh at the beginning of a basin simulation step corresponds to the mesh obtained at the end of the structural reconstruction step described above; then this mesh evolves towards its current state, which also corresponds to the initial mesh of the stage of structural reconstruction described previously.
    [0027] According to the invention, at least steps 3.1 and 3.2 are carried out for each time step n of a basin simulation and for each mesh of the mesh representation representative of the basin at the time step considered: 3.1. Estimation of the quantity of hydrocarbons During this step, it is a question of estimating the quantity of hydrocarbons present in the mesh considered at time step n considered. According to the invention, the quantity of hydrocarbons present in the mesh 10 considered at time step n is estimated by calculating a quantity of hydrocarbons produced at said time step n, to which the quantity of hydrocarbons present at the end is added. from the previous time step n-1 in this same mesh. According to the invention, the calculation of the quantity of hydrocarbons produced at the time step n in the mesh in question comprises at least the calculation of the quantity of total biogenic gas A / I produced in the mesh considered for said time step. not. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a part of the biogenic gas produced in the mesh considered at time step n is a biogenic gas of primary origin, produced by biodegradation of the organic material present in the mesh in question. According to one embodiment of the invention, the mass Mb, 0], of primary biogenic gas produced during a time step n in a cell containing organic matter is calculated according to a formula of the type: (T -T0) 2 KM / no], n = r. (A0 + A (t)) b .e TOC. S .M gas Km + c "Near (1) 25 where: - Km: a constant, called Monod constant, by default, Km = 30 mM (moles / m3), - r: adjustment parameter, expressed in Ma -1, by default, r = 0.16 Ma-1, 3034529 17 - b: second parameter of adjustment, by default, b = -O, 95, - ao: a constant characterizing the exposure time of the sediment to certain chemical transformations at the beginning of burial, in years, by default, a0 = 30000 a, 5 -, - rock density of the rock, - A (t): the age of deposit of the mesh, in years, - To: the temperature at which the bacterial activity is maximum, by default, TO = 303K, - T: the temperature (in K), in the mesh considered at the time step considered, 10 -: third adjustment parameter; default: / 1 = -369.33 K2, - s: parameter of stoichiometry, 1 mole of C converts to moles of gas, by default, s = 0.5, - mg ': the molar mass of gas, - mc: the molar mass of carbon, 15 - TOC: the concentration in itial of the organic matter, the values (other than the default values given above) of the parameters r, b, a., ao can be predefined by the specialist, from his general knowledge. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a part of the biogenic gas produced in a mesh is a biogenic gas of secondary origin, produced by the biodegradation of the hydrocarbons in the mesh in question. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mass Mbiozn of secondary biogenic gas produced during a time step n is calculated in a mesh impregnated with hydrocarbons according to a formula of the type: g "(2) -A4 bio 2, n = Nbact (z) .Cbact "E MC - Cbact: consumption of a bacterium in mass of carbon during the time step, where: 3034529 18 - E. percentage of the volume of rock affected by the biodegradation, - AT - bact number of bacteria per volume of rock, is expressed as a function of the depth z, - mgaz: the molar mass of the product gas, 5 - cop. the molar mass of the carbon, the values of the parameters Cbact, E, Nbact being able to be predefined by the specialist, on the basis of his general knowledge. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of total biogenic gas A / I- present in the mesh considered at time step n is obtained by adding the amounts of primary biogenic gas A / I- and secondary bibi02, n produced in step n, at the total mass of biogenic gas Mb, oi contained in the mesh at the previous time step n-1, namely: Mbio, no, n-1 bio 1, n bio2, n (3) 15 According to one embodiment of the present invention, a quantity of hydrocarbons formed by thermogenesis (see, for example, Schneider et al., 2000) is also calculated in the mesh in question and at the time step considered, and this amount of heat is taken into account. hydrocarbons formed by thermogenesis in the calculation of the total amount of hydrocarbons present in the mesh considered at the time step considered. 3.2. Calculation of Hydrocarbon Migration During this step, it is necessary to determine in which mesh (es) the hydrocarbons present in a given mesh will migrate at a time step n. A balance is then made to know the gas concentrations.
    [0028] According to the invention, at least part of the biogenic gas present in a mesh at a time step n is dissolved in the water present in the same mesh and is transported by this water (advection phenomenon). 3.2.1. Calculation of the quantity of dissolved bioqene gas During this substep, the quantity Mdfl of biogenic gas dissolved in the water contained in the mesh considered at the time step n considered is calculated.
    [0029] According to one embodiment of the present invention, a maximum mass of solubilizable biogenic gas Mso / m 'in the mesh considered at the time step n considered is first determined. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a solubility model of the biogenic gas in water is used for the calculation of the maximum mass of solubilizable biogenic gas in the mesh considered at time step n considered. The solubility depends on the first order of the pressure, the temperature, and the composition of the water in dissolved elements.
    [0030] According to an embodiment of the present invention wherein the biogenic gas is methane, and wherein the biogenic gas is dissolved in pure water, the solubility cm 'may be expressed according to an empirical formula of the following type. , inspired by (Duan and Mao, 2006): cmax = e (ln (P) -G (P, T)) (4) c cP cP G (P, T) = cl + c2T +3 + c4T2 + + c6 P + c7PT + TT 9 + ci0P2T T2 where: 2 with: c1 = 8.3144; C2 = -0.7277.10-3; C3 = 0.2149.104; C4 = -0.1402.10-4; C 5 = 0.6674.106; 5 - C6 = 0.7699.10-2; C7 = -0.5025.10-5; C8 = -3.009; C9 = -0.4847.103; 3034529 - C10 = 0; 10 - P: pressure in bars in the mesh considered at the time step considered; - T: temperature in K in the mesh considered, at the time step considered. According to another embodiment of the invention, wherein the biogenic gas is methane, and wherein the biogenic gas is dissolved in saline water, the solubility of methane is determined from a solubility model taking into account the salinity of the water, as for example described in the document (Duan and Mao, 2006). According to one embodiment of the present invention, the maximum amount of solubilizable gas Mso / m 'in a mesh at a time step n is calculated according to a formula of the type: Mso / max = Vo / umemaine.9.cmax ( 5) where cp is the porosity of the rock in the mesh considered, Vo / umemame is the volume of the mesh considered.
    [0031] According to one embodiment in which it is considered that the biogenic gas present in a mesh can only be dissolved in the water present in said mesh, the amount of dissolved gas Mdfl in the water at no time n can then be obtained in the following way: 3034529 21 Md, n = Mill (MSO1max, Mbio, n) (6) And according to this same embodiment of the invention, the quantity of free gas ML , npresent in the mesh considered at the time step n considered can then be obtained as follows: 5 ML, n = Mbio, n M d, n (7) According to another embodiment of the present invention, a part of the biogenic gas present in the mesh considered at time step n is retained in the mesh by an adsorption mechanism. According to one embodiment of the present invention, it is considered that the adsorption is carried out on the organic material present in the mesh and according to the Langmuir model (Langmuir, 1916). In this case, the maximum mass of adsorbable gas Mads, n, n is expressed in g per volume of rock and can be obtained by a formula of the type: Madsmax - TOCtot.Ymax - y -P rock 1+ fie .P FLVT .P (8) with: - TOC ': the amount of organic carbon on which the adsorption takes place, in g / kg of rock, - Near S the density of the rock in kg / m3, -: the maximum adsorption capacity, in g of gas per g of organic carbon. By default, y. = 0.01 g / g, a, and fl: the 2 parameters of the Langmuir adsorption model. By default, a = 2100K and f3 = 1MPa-1. According to this same embodiment, the quantity M -ads, n of potentially adsorbable gas in the mesh considered at the time step n can then be obtained in the following way: Mads, n = Min (Mbio, n Madsmax) (9 According to one embodiment of the present invention, the quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the pore water is calculated by considering that the biogenic gas will preferably saturate the adsorption sites, the remaining one then being able to saturate the poral water until reaching maximum solubility. The quantity Mdfl of biogenic gas available after adsorption for possible solubilization in the mesh in question and at the time step n considered can then be obtained in the following way: Mut = Min (MSOlmax, (114 (10) - bio, According to an embodiment of the present invention, if, after adsorption and then dissolution of the gas in water, there remains an excess of biogenic gas, it is supposed that this constitutes a vapor phase, This free gas, separated from the aqueous phase, defines the quantity of free gas ML, n of biogenic origin in the mesh in question and at the time step n considered as follows: ML, n = Mbio, n Mads, Thus, depending on the solubility of the gas, and therefore the first order of pressure and temperature conditions, the biogenic gas present in a mesh will be more or less present in its free form, which may give place to accumulations of gas of interest 20 economic p 3.2.2 Calculation of advection transport of dissolved biogenic gas In this sub-step, the advective transport of the McI quantity of gas dissolved in the pore water is modeled. for the mesh considered and for the time step n considered. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the transport of a gas dissolved in water is modeled by the displacement of water, that is to say by advection, according to a transport equation. monophasic type: 3034529 23 (p ,,, (pc) + div (pwcpc) = o (11) with: (p, the porosity [su], c, the concentration of dissolved gas [g / L of water] with c such that Md = c / p and Md is the mass of dissolved gas, - pw, the density of water [g / L], - i, the water velocity [m / s], the values of these parameters being for example calculated by a numerical simulation of a basin based on the document (Schneider et al., 2000) The water speed is obtained in particular by solving the Darcy equations that govern the flows in a porous medium (from Marsily, 1986) Using the conservation of the body of water, equation (11) above is rewritten as follows: pw (p (c) + div (pwcpci7> w) - c div (pw (pilw) = 0 (12) According to the invention, equation (12) described above essus is discretized in time, according to the time steps of the basin simulation, and in space, according to the meshes of the mesh representation of the studied basin. According to an embodiment of the present invention, after a time step n of duration At, the concentration cn at the end of time step n in the mesh considered is a solution of the discrete equation: mwn Cri At E (cnamt - cnc ')) Flux = mn-lcn-1 5, nw (13) where: 25 - cgamt is the value of the concentration of dissolved gas in the upstream mesh the current mesh, according to the sign of the water flow F1uxwn5, at no time, - (pn, the porosity in the mesh considered at the time step n, - pwn, the density of the water in the mesh considered at the time step I n, 3034529 24 - Mwn = pwn (pn VOIn , the mass of water in the mesh considered at the time step n, - F1uxwn5, an approximation of the bulk water flow of gas dissolved through the edge of the mesh considered at time step n, the values of the parameters ci above, for example, as described in the document (Schneider et al., 2000), then the weight A4- --advection, n of gas can be calculated orted by advection in the mesh considered at the end of time step n, by means of the following relation: cn (14) = advection, according to one embodiment of the invention, the quantity ML, n of free gas of biogenic origin present in the mesh considered and calculated during the step 3.2.1 described above can be the subject of a simulation of transport in separate phase at the time step n considered, by means of a basin simulator according to the prior art. In the case of a basin simulator based on ray tracing migration modeling (Sylta, 1991), the migration can be calculated at the end of each migration event, and not necessarily at each time step of the migration. the simulation. In the case of a basin simulator based on Darcy law formalism migration modeling (Schneider, 2003), the migration is calculated at the end of each time step of the simulation. At the end of the simulation of the free gas migration for a time step n or for a given migration event, the quantity of free gas ML, n is updated by the basin simulator according to the prior art in each mesh of the mesh representation associated with said time step or said migration event. Then, according to the invention, at the end of the time step n and before entering the loop of the time step n + 1, the total quantity M -bio, n of gas of origin is updated in each mesh. biogenic in the mesh considered as follows: Mbio, n = Mads, n ML, n Madvection, n (15) 3034529 25 Thus, according to the invention, at the end of a time step n, the total quantity m -bio, n of gas of biogenic origin in a given mesh corresponds to the sum of the quantity M -ads, n of biogenic gas adsorbed in the mesh at the time step n, the quantity ML, n of free biogenic gas in the mesh at the time step n, and the quantity M -advection, n of biogenic gas brought by advection in the mesh. In addition, according to an embodiment of the invention, the transport of hydrocarbons derived from the thermal cracking of organic matter (ie thermogenesis) by means of a simulator is also taken into account. basin according to the prior art. This transport can be simulated, for example, by the ray tracing method (Sylta, 1991), the invasion-percolation method (Carruthers, 1998), or the resolution of the generalized Darcy equations (Schneider, 2003). 4. Operation of the sedimentary basin 15 At the end of the preceding steps, repeated for each mesh and for each time step of the basin simulation, at least the amount of free gas of biogenic origin present in each of the cells is available. of the said mesh representation in the present time.
    [0032] In addition, depending on the pond simulator used to implement the invention, for example information may be available on: i. the establishment of sedimentary layers, ii. their compaction due to the weight of the overlying sediments, iii. their warming during burial, 25 iv. changes in fluid pressures resulting from this burial, the formation of hydrocarbons formed by thermogenesis, vi. the displacement of these hydrocarbons in the basin under the effect of buoyancy, capillarity, differences in pressure gradients underground flows, vii. the amount of hydrocarbons from the thermogenesis in the meshes of said mesh representation of said basin.
    [0033] On the basis of such information, the specialist then knows the zones of said basin, corresponding to meshes of said meshed representation at the present time of said basin, comprising hydrocarbons, as well as the content, the nature and the pressure of the hydrocarbons which are trapped there. The specialist is then able to select areas of the studied basin with the best oil potential. The oil exploitation of the basin can then take several forms, in particular: the carrying out of exploratory drilling in the various zones selected as having the best potential, in order to confirm or invalidate the potential estimated previously, and to acquire new data to supply new and more precise studies, the production of boreholes (producing wells or injectors) for the recovery of hydrocarbons present in the sedimentary basin in the areas selected as having the best potential. Furthermore, the invention relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer-readable and / or executable medium by a processor, including program code instructions. for the implementation of the method as described above, when said program is run on a computer. Application example The characteristics and advantages of the process according to the invention will become clearer on reading the application example below. The sedimentary basin studied corresponds to the Levant basin in the Mediterranean Sea.
    [0034] 30 This basin is currently under intense oil exploration, and the presence of 3034529 27 "dry" (almost pure) methane tanks has now been established. The purity of this gas is reminiscent of a biogenic origin. The application of the present invention, by taking into account the possible transport of the biogenic gas by advection, aims at a more reliable prediction of the position of the deposits of economic interest.
    [0035] A mesh representation of this basin is shown in Figure 4A. The basin covers an area of approximately 50000 km2, for a depth exceeding locally 10km. The pelvis is discretized using 30 layers, and according to 122880 meshes.
    [0036] 10 The structural reconstruction of this basin was implemented with a backstripping method over a period of 299 million years, corresponding to the age of the basin. Only the formation of primary biogenic gas has been taken into account in the practice of the present invention, i.e. no account has been taken of any gas formation by biodegradation. secondary. Moreover, the adsorption of the dissolved biogenic gas has not been taken into account in this embodiment of the invention.
    [0037] The values of the parameters used for the modeling of biogenic gas production by primary biodegradation (see equation 1) are as follows: Initial TOC (load of sediment at the time of deposition): 1% of which 60% refractory at bacterial degradation, 30% requiring a prior thermal transformation and 10% directly usable by microorganisms, -: 30 mM, - r: 0.16 Ma-1, - b: -0.95, - ao: 30000 a, 3034529 28 -: -369.33 K2. FIGS. 4B, 40 and 4D show results obtained by the method according to the invention, applied from the birth of the basin to the current one, for a simulation duration of 299 million years, divided into 27 migration events and several hundred time steps. The results are presented in these Figures for the same vertical section crossing the basin, formed by a vertical axis (Z) and an east axis (E) / west (VV)! Figure 4B shows the cumulative mass of methane produced in each mesh per unit area of the layer, and for the duration of the simulation. It is observed that the maximum biogenic gas production zone is located in the west (W) of the basin, corresponding to the major deposition zones of the organic matter.
    [0038] Figure 40 shows the cumulative mass of dissolved gas in each mesh per unit area of the layer, and for the duration of the simulation. It is observed that the largest quantities of dissolved gases are found in the west (W) of the basin, in the thickest areas of the basin, but also where the production of biogenic gas is the most important.
    [0039] Figure 4D shows the cumulative mass of methane released as a free gas, obtained after dissolution of the biogenic gas and then advective transport, in each cell and per unit area of the layer, and for the duration of the simulation. It is observed that free gas production is not located in the maximum biogenic gas production zone, but in the shallower areas located to the east (E) of the model. This tendency shown by the method according to the invention can be attributed to the advective transport of the biogenic gas dissolved in the pore water, from the deep zones of the basin to the west (W) to the shallower areas located at east (E), due to compaction due to western ('N) sediment overload, conducive to the displacement of the pore water. The fact that sediments located in the east (E) stay longer in a range of rather low depths and in a temperature range conducive to the generation of biogenic gas, but unfavorable to its solubilization, also contributes to this result.
    [0040] Thus, the application of the process according to the invention indicates that, for this basin, the deepest layers are the most favorable for the production of gas, and that this gas goes, by an advection phenomenon, to feed methane deposits located at shallower depths. Thus, the method according to the invention, by taking into account advective transport of at least a portion of the biogenic gas dissolved in water, allows a reliable location of potential hydrocarbon deposits. 10
    权利要求:
    Claims (6)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. A method of operating a sedimentary basin comprising hydrocarbons by means of a basin simulator for reconstructing, for a succession of time steps, the geological and geochemical processes that have affected said basin from a geological time t to current time, from measurements of properties relating to the basin, characterized in that the following steps are carried out: A. a mesh representation representative of said basin is constructed at the current time from said measurements; B. from said meshed representation to said current time, a mesh representation of the basin is constructed for each of said other time steps by reconstruction of the architecture of said basin for said other time steps; C. by means of said simulator and said mesh representations of said basin for said time steps, at least the following steps are carried out for each of said time steps, from said geological time t until said current time, and for each cell of said representation. meshed: i. at least a quantity of biogenic gas produced in said mesh is determined at said time step; ii. at least a quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water present in said mesh is determined at said time step, and a quantity of free biogenic gas is determined in said mesh at said time step; iii. at least the advective transport of the quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of said mesh at said time step is taken into account; D. the zones of said basin corresponding to meshes of said meshed representation of said basin are selected to said current time comprising hydrocarbons, and said basin is exploited as a function of said selected zones. 3034529 31
    [0002]
    2. Method according to the preceding claim, wherein a quantity of biogenic gas of primary origin and / or secondary origin is determined.
    [0003]
    3. Method according to one of the preceding claims wherein, for each of said time steps and in each of said meshes of said meshed representation obtained for said time step, said quantity of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of time is determined. the following way: a) a quantity of total biogenic gas is calculated in said mesh for said time step, by summing said quantity of biogenic gas produced at said time step and the quantity of biogenic gas present in said mesh at the time step; previous; b) determining a maximum amount of biogenic gas solubilizable in water in said mesh and said time step; c) said amount of biogenic gas dissolved in said mesh is determined for said time step by taking the minimum value between said quantity of total biogenic gas and said maximum quantity of solubilizable biogenic gas.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to the preceding claim, wherein for each of said time steps and in each of said meshes of said meshed representation obtained for said time step, said quantity of said free biogenic gas is determined by difference between said total quantity of gas. biogenic present in said mesh audit no time and said amount of biogenic gas dissolved in the water of said mesh audit time step. 25
    [0005]
    5. Method according to one of claims 3 or 4, wherein is further determined a quantity of biogenic gas adsorbable in said mesh at said time step, and said amount of biogenic gas dissolved in said mesh and for said step of time considering that said biogenic gas is preferentially adsorbed and then dissolved. 3034529 32
    [0006]
    A computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer-readable and / or executable medium by a processor, comprising program code instructions for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims, when said program is run on a computer.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3075947A1|2016-10-05|
    FR3034529B1|2017-05-05|
    US10458208B2|2019-10-29|
    US20160290107A1|2016-10-06|
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1552919A|FR3034529B1|2015-04-03|2015-04-03|METHOD FOR OPERATING HYDROCARBONS FROM A SEDIMENT BASIN USING A BASIN SIMULATION|FR1552919A| FR3034529B1|2015-04-03|2015-04-03|METHOD FOR OPERATING HYDROCARBONS FROM A SEDIMENT BASIN USING A BASIN SIMULATION|
    EP16305379.6A| EP3075947A1|2015-04-03|2016-03-31|Method for mining hydrocarbons from a sedimentary basin, by means of a basin simulation|
    US15/088,486| US10458208B2|2015-04-03|2016-04-01|Method of developing hydrocarbons in a sedimentary basin, by means of basin simulation|
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